What does each concept mean and where does it appear?
The entries cover the concepts that appear in this observatory's panels, not the whole vocabulary of the sector. Search for a term or start with a learning path, which links the concepts to the numbers.
54 entries in 12 topics. Search for a term or see the list by topic.
Learning paths: from concepts to numbers
A learning path is an ordered route through the entries: each step brings a number published by the observatory and says how it links to the next step.
At the end of each learning path, there is a synthetic example. Hypothetical values, chosen for teaching. They are not observatory data and do not enter any indicator. How a learning path works
All entries, by topic
All 54 entries are checked against the primary source. The 2 entries marked with ◐ carry a caveat declared in the entry itself: the source that defines the term was not read or does not define it.
Price
PLD, CMO, Submarket, CVU, PLD limits (floor, structural ceiling and hourly ceiling)5 entries
- At what price are the differences between contracted and verified energy settled?PLD · Spot price (Settlement Price for Differences)See in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
- How much does it cost to serve one more unit of load?CMO · Marginal operating costSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which regions have their own short-term price?SubmarketSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- What value is assigned to each thermal plant in operation scheduling?CVU · Unit variable costSee in the panelGeneration: thermal dispatch
- What are the floor and the ceilings of the short-term price?PLD limits (floor, structural ceiling and hourly ceiling)See in the panelRegulation: PLD limits
Water
EAR, Storage capacity (maximum EAR), ENA, MLT, REE5 entries
- How much energy can the water stored in the reservoirs generate?EAR · Stored energySee in the panelWater and climate: reservoirs
- How much energy would the reservoirs hold if they were full?Storage capacity (maximum EAR)See in the panelWater and climate: reservoirs
- How much energy would the water reaching the reservoirs allow to be produced?ENA · Natural inflow energySee in the panelWater and climate
- What average is the energy reaching the reservoirs compared with?MLT · Long-term averageSee in the panelWater and climate
- How do planning models represent hydropower plants?REE · Equivalent Energy Reservoir◐ with caveatSee in the panelWater and climate
Operation
SIN, Energy load, Verified generation, Interchange between subsystems, Constrained-off, ONS, Isolated Systems, Hourly load curve, Global load (verified load), Global load net of MMGD, Interchange with other countries, ATLS12 entries
- What is the name of the country's interconnected electricity system?SIN · National Interconnected SystemSee in the panelWater and climate
- How much energy does the interconnected system serve per day?Energy loadSee in the panelLoad
- How much do the plants generate hour by hour?Verified generationSee in the panelGeneration
- How much energy passes from one subsystem to another?Interchange between subsystemsSee in the panelGrid
- When does the operator order a plant to generate less for a reason outside it?Constrained-offSee in the panelGeneration: curtailed renewables
- Who coordinates and controls the operation of energy generation and transmission?ONS · National Electric System OperatorSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- Which distribution systems are not connected to the interconnected system?Isolated SystemsSee in the panelInclusion: isolated systems
- How does consumption vary hour by hour?Hourly load curveSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- How much energy does the system serve every half hour?Global load (verified load)See in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- What is the load without the portion of distributed micro and mini generation?Global load net of MMGDSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- How much energy does the country exchange with its neighbors?Interchange with other countriesSee in the panelGrid: balance and abroad
- In what part of the time did the flows stay within the safety limits?ATLS · Compliance with System LimitsSee in the panelGrid: restrictions
Models
NEWAVE, DECOMP, DESSEM3 entries
- Which models go into calculating the short-term price?NEWAVESee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which model estimates the operating cost of each week?DECOMPSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which model estimates the operating cost every half hour?DESSEMSee in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
Market
MCP, ACL, ACR, MRE, GSF, ESS, Physical guarantee, CCEE8 entries
- Where are energy differences accounted for and settled?MCP · Short-Term MarketSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Where is energy bought in freely negotiated contracts?ACL · Free contracting environmentSee in the panelMarket: free and regulated
- How do distribution utilities buy energy through public tenders?ACR · Regulated contracting environmentSee in the panelMarket
- How do hydropower plants share hydrological risk?MRE · Energy Reallocation MechanismSee in the panelMarket
- How much did the hydropower plants of the mechanism generate compared with the physical guarantee?GSF · Generation Scaling Factor (MRE adjustment factor)◐ with caveatSee in the panelMarket: MRE and GSF
- Which charge covers the services provided to the system?ESS · System Service ChargesSee in the panelMarket: charges and settlement
- How much energy can a project use in contracts?Physical guaranteeSee in the panelMarket
- Who enables the trading of electricity?CCEE · Electric Energy Trading ChamberSee in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
Consumer
TE e TUSD, Tariff flag, Availability cost, CDE4 entries
- Which tariffs are published for each distribution utility?TE e TUSD · Energy Tariff and Distribution System Use TariffSee in the panelElectricity bill: tariff
- When is there a surcharge per kWh on the electricity bill?Tariff flagSee in the panelElectricity bill: tariff flags
- How much is owed even when injection exceeds consumption?Availability costSee in the panelElectricity bill
- Who pays for the discounts and for universal service?CDE · Energy Development AccountSee in the panelElectricity bill: subsidies
Quality and losses
Energy losses, Technical losses, Non-technical losses, Regulatory loss percentage, DEC, FEC, Group of consumer units (electrical group), Compensation for violation of a continuity limit8 entries
- How much energy passes through the grids and is not sold?Energy lossesSee in the panelLosses: map of distribution utilities
- How much loss is inherent to transporting energy?Technical lossesSee in the panelEnergy losses
- How much of the total loss is not technical?Non-technical lossesSee in the panelLosses: composition
- What loss does the tariff recognize for each concession holder?Regulatory loss percentageSee in the panelEnergy losses
- For how long is there no electricity, on average?DEC · Equivalent interruption duration per consumer unitSee in the panelQuality of supply: duration and frequency
- How many times is there no electricity, on average?FEC · Equivalent interruption frequency per consumer unitSee in the panelQuality of supply: duration and frequency
- In which areas are the duration and frequency of interruptions monitored?Group of consumer units (electrical group)See in the panelQuality of supply: sets and limits
- When must the distribution utility give a credit on the bill?Compensation for violation of a continuity limitSee in the panelQuality of supply: compensations
Inclusion
TSEE1 entry
Expansion
EPE1 entry
Transition
MMGD, CO2 emission factor of electricity2 entries
- What generation connects to the grid through the consumer's facilities?MMGD · Distributed micro and mini generationSee in the panelTransition: micro and mini generation
- How much CO2 is associated with each MWh generated in the interconnected system?CO2 emission factor of electricitySee in the panelTransition: emissions
Regulation
ANEEL, ANEEL Regulatory Agenda2 entries
Data sources
IBGE, IMERG, MERRA-23 entries
- Who produces the country's statistical and geographical information?IBGE · Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics FoundationSee in the panelInclusion: weight in the budget
- Where does the satellite rainfall estimate come from?IMERG · Satellite-estimated precipitation (IMERG)See in the panelWater and climate: rainfall and temperature
- Where does the estimated temperature used by the panels come from?MERRA-2 · MERRA-2 reanalysis (estimated temperature)See in the panelWater and climate: rainfall and temperature
Price5 entries
- At what price are the differences between contracted and verified energy settled?PLD · Spot price (Settlement Price for Differences)See in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
- How much does it cost to serve one more unit of load?CMO · Marginal operating costSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which regions have their own short-term price?SubmarketSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- What value is assigned to each thermal plant in operation scheduling?CVU · Unit variable costSee in the panelGeneration: thermal dispatch
- What are the floor and the ceilings of the short-term price?PLD limits (floor, structural ceiling and hourly ceiling)See in the panelRegulation: PLD limits
Water5 entries
- How much energy can the water stored in the reservoirs generate?EAR · Stored energySee in the panelWater and climate: reservoirs
- How much energy would the reservoirs hold if they were full?Storage capacity (maximum EAR)See in the panelWater and climate: reservoirs
- How much energy would the water reaching the reservoirs allow to be produced?ENA · Natural inflow energySee in the panelWater and climate
- What average is the energy reaching the reservoirs compared with?MLT · Long-term averageSee in the panelWater and climate
- How do planning models represent hydropower plants?REE · Equivalent Energy Reservoir◐ with caveatSee in the panelWater and climate
Operation12 entries
- What is the name of the country's interconnected electricity system?SIN · National Interconnected SystemSee in the panelWater and climate
- How much energy does the interconnected system serve per day?Energy loadSee in the panelLoad
- How much do the plants generate hour by hour?Verified generationSee in the panelGeneration
- How much energy passes from one subsystem to another?Interchange between subsystemsSee in the panelGrid
- When does the operator order a plant to generate less for a reason outside it?Constrained-offSee in the panelGeneration: curtailed renewables
- Who coordinates and controls the operation of energy generation and transmission?ONS · National Electric System OperatorSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- Which distribution systems are not connected to the interconnected system?Isolated SystemsSee in the panelInclusion: isolated systems
- How does consumption vary hour by hour?Hourly load curveSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- How much energy does the system serve every half hour?Global load (verified load)See in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- What is the load without the portion of distributed micro and mini generation?Global load net of MMGDSee in the panelLoad: hourly profile
- How much energy does the country exchange with its neighbors?Interchange with other countriesSee in the panelGrid: balance and abroad
- In what part of the time did the flows stay within the safety limits?ATLS · Compliance with System LimitsSee in the panelGrid: restrictions
Models3 entries
- Which models go into calculating the short-term price?NEWAVESee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which model estimates the operating cost of each week?DECOMPSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Which model estimates the operating cost every half hour?DESSEMSee in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
Market8 entries
- Where are energy differences accounted for and settled?MCP · Short-Term MarketSee in the panelShort-term price (PLD)
- Where is energy bought in freely negotiated contracts?ACL · Free contracting environmentSee in the panelMarket: free and regulated
- How do distribution utilities buy energy through public tenders?ACR · Regulated contracting environmentSee in the panelMarket
- How do hydropower plants share hydrological risk?MRE · Energy Reallocation MechanismSee in the panelMarket
- How much did the hydropower plants of the mechanism generate compared with the physical guarantee?GSF · Generation Scaling Factor (MRE adjustment factor)◐ with caveatSee in the panelMarket: MRE and GSF
- Which charge covers the services provided to the system?ESS · System Service ChargesSee in the panelMarket: charges and settlement
- How much energy can a project use in contracts?Physical guaranteeSee in the panelMarket
- Who enables the trading of electricity?CCEE · Electric Energy Trading ChamberSee in the panelPLD: CMO and price formation
Consumer4 entries
- Which tariffs are published for each distribution utility?TE e TUSD · Energy Tariff and Distribution System Use TariffSee in the panelElectricity bill: tariff
- When is there a surcharge per kWh on the electricity bill?Tariff flagSee in the panelElectricity bill: tariff flags
- How much is owed even when injection exceeds consumption?Availability costSee in the panelElectricity bill
- Who pays for the discounts and for universal service?CDE · Energy Development AccountSee in the panelElectricity bill: subsidies
Quality and losses8 entries
- How much energy passes through the grids and is not sold?Energy lossesSee in the panelLosses: map of distribution utilities
- How much loss is inherent to transporting energy?Technical lossesSee in the panelEnergy losses
- How much of the total loss is not technical?Non-technical lossesSee in the panelLosses: composition
- What loss does the tariff recognize for each concession holder?Regulatory loss percentageSee in the panelEnergy losses
- For how long is there no electricity, on average?DEC · Equivalent interruption duration per consumer unitSee in the panelQuality of supply: duration and frequency
- How many times is there no electricity, on average?FEC · Equivalent interruption frequency per consumer unitSee in the panelQuality of supply: duration and frequency
- In which areas are the duration and frequency of interruptions monitored?Group of consumer units (electrical group)See in the panelQuality of supply: sets and limits
- When must the distribution utility give a credit on the bill?Compensation for violation of a continuity limitSee in the panelQuality of supply: compensations
Inclusion1 entry
Expansion1 entry
Transition2 entries
- What generation connects to the grid through the consumer's facilities?MMGD · Distributed micro and mini generationSee in the panelTransition: micro and mini generation
- How much CO2 is associated with each MWh generated in the interconnected system?CO2 emission factor of electricitySee in the panelTransition: emissions
Regulation2 entries
Data sources3 entries
- Who produces the country's statistical and geographical information?IBGE · Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics FoundationSee in the panelInclusion: weight in the budget
- Where does the satellite rainfall estimate come from?IMERG · Satellite-estimated precipitation (IMERG)See in the panelWater and climate: rainfall and temperature
- Where does the estimated temperature used by the panels come from?MERRA-2 · MERRA-2 reanalysis (estimated temperature)See in the panelWater and climate: rainfall and temperature