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Entry · Operation

Constrained-off

When does the operator order a plant to generate less for a reason outside it?

● checked against the primary source on Oct 7, 2026Source: ANEEL, MME, EPE and ONS

Acronyms: REN, ANEEL Normative Resolution; ANEEL, Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency; ESS, System Service Charges; PLD, Settlement Price for Differences (spot price); MME, Ministry of Mines and Energy; EPE, Energy Research Office.

In one sentence

In plain words

The ONS orders a wind or photovoltaic plant to generate less, for a reason that lies outside the plant itself. The REN classifies each wind event under one of three reasons: unavailability of an external facility, an electrical reliability requirement of external equipment, or the impossibility of allocating the generation to the load (energy reason).

Source text

Reduction in the energy output of centrally dispatched wind or photovoltaic plants, or of groups of plants considered in the scheduling, by order of the National Electric System Operator (ONS), in an event originating outside the plants' own facilities.

Real example

Estimated energy not generated due to operating restriction (wind plants), last 12 complete months

28,923 GWhNature of the data: Estimated

Sep 2025 to Aug 2026 · SIN

Source: ONS, Restrição de Operação por Constrained-off de Usinas Eólicas. Reference up to Aug 2026.

Energy that wind plants did not generate due to ONS limitation over the 12 complete months, estimated as reference generation minus verified generation.

Over the same 12 months, the restriction rate was 21.3% of the estimated possible generation (verified plus not generated). By reason, the energy not generated splits into 8.6% external unavailability, 33.5% electrical reliability and 58.0% energy reason. According to the REN, for events after the effective milestones (Oct 1, 2021 at wind plants, Apr 1, 2024 at photovoltaic plants), only the first reason gives the right to payment through the ESS, and only after a limit of hours accumulated in the year.

See in the panel: Generation: curtailed renewables

Estimated: Value obtained by a statistical procedure, with uncertainty.

Why it matters

Who bears the energy the plant did not generate depends on the reason for the event. REN ANEEL No. 1.030/2022 classifies each event as external unavailability, electrical reliability or energy reason, and, for events from Oct 1, 2021 at wind plants and from Apr 1, 2024 at photovoltaic plants, only external unavailability generates payment, through the System Service Charge (ESS), valued at the PLD of the submarket and due only after the accumulated restriction time in the calendar year exceeds 78 hours at wind plants and 30 hours and 30 minutes at photovoltaic plants; the ONS might update these limits. Events before these milestones follow specific rules of the norm. At the request of the MME, the EPE assessed the effects of constrained-off on the physical guarantee amounts of the wind plants eligible for the 2022 review.

How it is measured

The energy the plant did not generate is not measured: it is estimated against a reference generation that the ONS calculates. In the half hours in which the ONS limited the plant, the observatory adds up how much the reference exceeded what was generated.

Technical detail: the norm, the sources and the observatory's calculation

In external unavailability events, the wind plant reference comes from the plant's productivity curve, which links output power to wind speed, and, until the curve exists, it is the second lowest value of energy generated in the 10 previous periods coinciding with the time of the restriction; at photovoltaic plants, it is the arithmetic mean of the fifth and sixth ordered values of these 10 periods until the productivity function exists. The REN describes the reference only for external unavailability.

Observatory method on ONS data, which publishes the reference and the verified generation by half hour: the energy not generated is, in each half hour in which the ONS limited the plant, the greater of zero and the reference minus the verified generation, times 0.5 hour, summed by reason and by month (MWh and GWh); the curtailed power is the sum of simultaneous cuts of the plants in a half hour (MW); the rate is the energy not generated divided by the sum of verified and not generated energy.

Unit: GWh of estimated energy not generated, % of estimated possible generation (rate) and MW of simultaneous cut

Not to be confused with

  • Verified generation

    Verified generation is what the plants delivered in the ONS balance; constrained-off is the energy the plant did not generate by order of the ONS, estimated against a reference generation, only in the half hours in which the plant was limited. It is energy that verified generation does not contain.

  • Lack of wind

    By the REN definition, the event results from an ONS order and originates outside the plant's facilities. A day without wind reduces generation without an ONS order and, therefore, is not constrained-off.

What cannot be concluded

  • REN ANEEL No. 1.030/2022 was read in the consolidated text of the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025, because ANEEL's official address returns 403 to automated requests and the block was not circumvented; amendments after that date are not covered.
  • The REN describes the reference generation only for external unavailability events. How the ONS calculates the reference for the electrical reliability and energy reasons was not checked, and the energy not generated that the panel publishes for these reasons inherits this gap.
  • The energy not generated is an estimate against a reference generation, not a measurement. The observatory's rule (reference minus verified, only in the half hours with limited generation) is the observatory's method on ONS data.

Related entries

  • Verified generationThe definition applies to centrally dispatched plants, or to groups considered in the scheduling (REN, art. 13).
  • Physical guaranteeAt the request of the MME, the EPE assessed the effect of constrained-off on the physical guarantee amounts of wind plants (technical note 096/2022).
  • ESSSystem Service ChargesExternal unavailability, above the hour limit, is paid through the System Service Charge (REN, art. 16).

Official source

  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, art. 13, caput and §§ 1 and 2 (wind plants) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: constrained-off is a generation reduction ordered by the ONS for a reason that arises outside the plant. The transmission facilities of the Basic Network and the other transmission facilities of distribution are external; facilities for the exclusive or shared use of the generator itself are not.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 13. Para efeitos deste Título, eventos de restrição de operação por Constrained-off são definidos como a redução da produção de energia por usinas eolioelétricas despachadas centralizadamente ou usinas/conjuntos de usinas eolioelétricas considerados na programação, decorrente de comando do ONS, que tenham sido originados externamente às instalações das respectivas usinas. § 1º Considera-se instalações externas às respectivas usinas ou conjuntos de usinas, as instalações de transmissão classificadas como Rede Básica e Demais Instalações de Transmissão – DITs no âmbito da distribuição. § 2º Não se considera instalações externas às respectivas usinas ou conjuntos de usinas aquelas de uso exclusivo ou compartilhado do gerador, sob sua gestão ou de terceiros.”
  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, art. 14 (wind plants) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: the ONS classifies each event under one of three reasons: unavailability of an external facility, an electrical reliability requirement of external equipment, or the impossibility of allocating the generation to the load.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 14. O ONS deverá classificar os eventos de restrição de operação por Constrained-off de usinas ou conjuntos de usinas eolioelétricas de acordo com sua motivação em: I - Razão de indisponibilidade externa: motivados por indisponibilidades em instalações externas às respectivas usinas ou conjuntos de usinas conforme definições do art. 13. II - Razão de atendimento a requisitos de confiabilidade elétrica: motivados por razões de confiabilidade elétrica dos equipamentos pertencentes a instalações externas às respectivas usinas ou conjuntos de usinas conforme definições do art. 13 e que não tenham origem em indisponibilidades dos respectivos equipamentos. III - Razão energética: motivados pela impossibilidade de alocação de geração de energia na carga.”
  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, art. 15, caput and § 5 (wind plants) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: the reference generation for external unavailability events comes from the curve that links wind to the plant's power; while the curve does not exist, it is the second lowest value generated in the ten previous periods at the same time of day.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 15. O ONS deverá calcular a referência de geração de energia decorrente de evento de restrição de operação por Constrained-off das usinas ou conjuntos de usinas eolioelétricas, classificado como razão de indisponibilidade externa, conforme inciso I do art. 14, a partir da curva de produtividade da usina eolioelétrica, que relaciona a potência de saída da usina e a velocidade do vento. [...] § 5º Até a elaboração da curva de produtividade, será considerado como referência da frustração de geração de energia das usinas ou conjuntos de usinas eolioelétricas o segundo menor valor de energia gerada nos 10 (dez) períodos imediatamente anteriores coincidentes com o horário da restrição de operação em análise.”
  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, art. 16, caput and §§ 2 and 5 (wind plants) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: only external unavailability events are paid, through the ESS, and only when the plant's accumulated restriction time in the year exceeds 78 hours; the amount is calculated at the PLD of the submarket.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 16. Os pagamentos dos montantes financeiros relativos aos eventos de restrição de operação por Constrained-off das usinas ou conjunto de usinas eolioelétricas, classificados como razão de indisponibilidade externa, conforme inciso I do art. 14, serão realizados por meio de Encargo de Serviço de Sistema – ESS pela CCEE [...] § 2º O pagamento de ESS é devido somente nas situações em que a soma dos tempos, acumulados desde o início do ano civil, de restrição de operação por Constrained-off da respectiva usina ou conjunto de usinas eolioelétricas, classificada como razão de indisponibilidade externa, conforme inciso I do art. 14, superar 78h (setenta e oito horas). [...] § 5º A valoração do ESS deverá se dar pelo Preço de Liquidação das Diferenças – PLD do submercado da usina ou do conjunto de usinas eolioelétricas no respectivo período de comercialização.”
  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, arts. 18 and 20-F (from when the payment rules apply) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: the payment treatment of the norm only applies to external unavailability events, from Oct 1, 2021 at wind plants and from Apr 1, 2024 at photovoltaic plants; before these dates, specific rules of arts. 19 and 20-G apply.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 18. Somente eventos de restrição de operação por Constrained-off das usinas ou conjuntos de usinas eolioelétricas classificados como razão de indisponibilidade externa, conforme inciso I do art. 14, ocorridos a partir de 1º de outubro de 2021, estarão sujeitos ao tratamento estabelecido nos arts. 13 a 17 desta Resolução. [...] Art. 20-F Somente eventos de restrição de operação por constrained-off das Centrais Geradoras Fotovoltaicas ou conjuntos de Centrais Geradoras Fotovoltaicas classificados como razão de indisponibilidade externa, conforme inciso I do art. 20-B, ocorridos a partir de 1º de abril de 2024, estarão sujeitos ao tratamento estabelecido nos arts. 20-A a 20-E deste normativo.”
  • ANEELNormative Resolution (REN) No. 1.030 of Jul 26, 2022, arts. 20-A, 20-C § 5 and 20-D § 2 (photovoltaic plants, Title II-A) (consolidated text, read in the Internet Archive copy of Jan 8, 2025) 

    In other words: for photovoltaic plants the same definition and the same logic of reasons and payment apply, with their own reference (mean of the fifth and sixth ordered values of the ten previous periods, until the productivity function exists) and a limit of 30 hours and 30 minutes in the year.

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Art. 20-A Para efeitos deste Título, eventos de restrição de operação por constrained-off são definidos como a redução da produção de energia por Centrais Geradoras Fotovoltaicas despachadas centralizadamente ou conjuntos de Centrais Geradoras Fotovoltaicas considerados na programação, decorrente de comando do Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS, que tenham sido originados externamente às instalações das respectivas Centrais Geradoras Fotovoltaicas. [...] a média aritmética entre os quinto e sexto valores ordenados de energia gerada nos 10 (dez) períodos imediatamente anteriores coincidentes com o horário da restrição de operação em análise. [...] superar 30 horas e 30 minutos.”
  • MME and EPEEPE Technical Note EPE-DEE-NT-096/2022-r0, Constrained-off of wind plants, final period (November 2022), introduction, page 6, request from the MME to the EPE 

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“o MME solicitou à EPE a realização de análises dos efeitos do constrained-off nos montantes de garantias físicas das usinas eólicas elegíveis à revisão prevista para o ano de 2022.”
  • ONSOpen data portal, dataset “Dados de Restrição de Operação por Constrained-off de Usinas Eólicas” (description) 

    Literal excerpt from the document
    Portuguese only“Informações associadas à apuração das restrições de operação por Constrained-off nas usinas eólicas classificadas nas modalidades Tipo I, Tipo II-B e Tipo II-C”

Documents accessed and text checked on Oct 7, 2026.